Beyond Frame‐Level Accuracy: Analyzing Video‐Level Stability in Transformer‐Based Deepfake Forensics

Citation

Hasan SA, Hera MP, Mim AL, Jihad Hossain MM, Ali H & Bulbul MF (2026) Beyond Frame‐Level Accuracy: Analyzing Video‐Level Stability in Transformer‐Based Deepfake Forensics. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1155/int/6801006

Abstract
Deepfake videos generated by advanced generative models pose serious threats to digital security, misinformation control, and media forensics. Although numerous detection methods have been proposed, their reported performances are often based on heterogeneous preprocessing pipelines, inconsistent data splits, and model-specific training protocols, hindering fair architectural comparison. This work presents a controlled and reproducible comparative study of convolutional neural networks (ResNet-18 and EfficientNet-B0) and a Transformer-based architecture (ViT-B/16) within a unified, face-centric deepfake detection framework. All models are trained using identical preprocessing, augmentation, optimization settings, and data splits on Celeb-DF v2 and FaceForensics++, and results are validated across three independent random seeds with bootstrapped confidence intervals. Experimental results show that while CNN-based models perform competitively at the frame level, their performance degrades after video-level aggregation. In contrast, ViT-B/16 demonstrates more stable video-level performance, achieving 92.8% (95% CI: 91.7–94.0) video-level accuracy and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.950 (95% CI: 0.934–0.964) on Celeb-DF v2 (3-seed bootstrapped). Cross-dataset evaluation across the same three random seeds reveals a large, asymmetric generalization gap (AUC 0.79 FF++ ⟶ Celeb-DF vs. 0.64 Celeb-DF ⟶ FF++), indicating that in-domain video-level stability does not transfer to unseen manipulation domains. These findings indicate that global self-attention improves robustness and video-level stability for deepfake detection within a given data domain, while highlighting the need for further work on cross-domain generalization.

Keywords
Celeb-DF-v2; convolutional neural networks; deepfake defection; FaceForensics++; Vision Transformer

Journal
International Journal of Intelligent Systems: Volume 2026

• International Journal Of Intelligent Systems - 2026 - Hasan - Beyond Frame ? Level Accuracy Analyzing Video ? Level Stability