Longitudinal analysis of geographical inequalities in retail density of tobacco and nicotine vapour products in Scotland, 2020–2024

Citation

Zheng C, Shortt N, Hamid A, MacGregor A, Morgan A, Ford A & Pearce J (2026) Longitudinal analysis of geographical inequalities in retail density of tobacco and nicotine vapour products in Scotland, 2020–2024. Preventive Medicine Reports, 70, Art. No.: 103611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103611

Abstract
Objective Legislative efforts have aimed to reduce the visibility and accessibility of tobacco to limit use and prevent uptake, but less attention has been paid to emerging new nicotine products (NNPs). This study examines changes in the density and socio-spatial distribution of tobacco and nicotine vapour products (NVPs, the primary type of NNPs) in Scotland between 2020 and 24. Methods National register data from 2020 to 2024 were used to examine changes in the count and density of outlets selling tobacco and/or NVPs across Scotland. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) was utilised to assess outlet density in neighbourhoods, differentiated by income deprivation and urban-rural categories. Trends were analysed using non-parametric methods and stratified by outlet types. Results Over the study period, the number and density of registered outlets remained constant overall, with slight increases in outlets selling tobacco and NVPs, outlets selling NVP-only, and declines in tobacco-only outlets. Income deprived neighbourhoods and large urban areas had a persistently higher density of outlets selling tobacco and NVPs, with socio-spatial inequalities widening continuously. Conclusions The study underscores the necessity for comprehensive regulatory approaches to reduce the availability of tobacco products and NNPs to minimise public health risks and address inequalities in exposure among vulnerable populations.

Keywords
Commercial determinants of health; Neighbourhood retail environment; Availability; New nicotine products; Tobacco; Socio-spatial inequalities; Longitudinal analysis

Journal
Preventive Medicine Reports: Volume 70

• Published Version