Two Out of Three Ain’t Bad: Aggregating Multiple Identification Decisions from the Same Observer Improves Unfamiliar Face Matching Performance

Citation

Carragher DJ & Hancock PJB (2026) Two Out of Three Ain’t Bad: Aggregating Multiple Identification Decisions from the Same Observer Improves Unfamiliar Face Matching Performance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218261452983

Abstract
Deciding whether two images show the same person sounds easy, but the average individual achieves accuracy of 60% to 90% on many unfamiliar face matching tasks. However, overall task performance can be improved by combining the identification decisions made by different individuals through the “wisdom of the crowd” effect. We investigated whether similar gains occur when combining multiple decisions made by the same individual, via a “wisdom of the crowd within” effect. Participants completed the same unfamiliar face matching task three times: in one session (Experiment 1), or over 3 weeks (Experiment 2). We found a wisdom of the crowd within effect in both experiments, which became significant after two responses and was larger with three. Surprisingly, the delay did not offer additional benefit. Though the crowd within improved performance, crowds of different individuals produced larger gains. Our results contribute to a growing literature showing that combined decision-making can improve unfamiliar face matching performance.

Keywords
identity verification; face matching; identification; combined decision-making; wisdom of crowds

Journal
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

• Aggregating Multiple Identification Decisions from the Same Observer