Official onsite event versus unofficial streaming: Understanding the wellbeing formation in esports spectatorship

Citation

Kim S & Hong HJ (2026) Official onsite event versus unofficial streaming: Understanding the wellbeing formation in esports spectatorship. Computers in Human Behavior, 179, Art. No.: 108950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108950

Abstract
This study explores how esports spectators' motivations lead to psychological benefits in two settings: official onsite events and unofficial online streams. The benefits examined are flow experience and subjective wellbeing. A professional research company conducted a cross-sectional survey of 400 South Korean esports consumers with 200 per viewing context. We used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesised relationships. The results showed that all three motivations predicted flow for onsite spectators, while only skill-based and relationship-based motivations influenced flow for online viewers. Entertainment-based motivations directly enhanced wellbeing in both contexts, while relationship-based motivations predicted wellbeing only for online viewers. Flow experience contributed significantly to wellbeing in both groups and fully mediated the skill-based motivation-wellbeing relationship. Despite these variations, multigroup analysis showed no significant differences between viewing contexts. These findings demonstrate that fundamental psychological mechanisms remain consistent across viewing contexts.

Keywords
Esports; Motivation; Flow; Wellbeing; Esports fans; Multigroup analysis

Journal
Computers in Human Behavior: Volume 179

• Published Version