A four component model for the social perception of first names.

Citation

Lee A, Lis O & Panagiotakou S (2026) A four component model for the social perception of first names.. Social Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2026.44.5.1

Abstract
First (given) names are subject to stereotypes and can be a source of bias when making many important decisions. However, previous research on name bias is fragmented and informed by disjointed theories. Here, we investigate the underlying structure of name biases to provide a unifying theory of the social perception of names. Across two samples collected in separate European countries (UK and Germany; N = 1083 and 972 respectively), male and female names were rated on multiple social traits, with mean trait ratings for each name then being entered into a Principal Components Analysis. In both samples, and for both male and female names, the same four component structure was found: these included components corresponding with valence/competence, dominance/warmth, youth/attractiveness, and familiarity. We propose that this four component model could provide an overarching theoretical framework that could help unite research on name bias and generate new testable hypotheses.

Keywords
given names; person perception; stereotypes; bias; valence-dominance model; stereotype content model